Wilde’s the Happy Prince and Other Tales and a House of Pomegranates

Literary influences of the books Concern of Wilde on go awaying Christianity and aestheticism 1351 In a famous statement to W. B. Yeats, Oscar Wilde called Walter Paters The Renaissance my golden book I never travel anywhere with off it. ( n1) Nor is Paters influence limited to a single book. Marius the curvaceous also had a strong impact on Wilde, and during his imprisonment, Paters Greek Studies, Appreciations, and imaginary Portraits were among the few books he asked for and received (Letters 399).Pater also had a powerful influence on Wildes king news reports, which critics have not so far focused on. The fairy tales of The Happy Prince and Other Tales and A House of Pomegranates reveal many influencesHans Christian Andersen, Blake, Carlylebut Pater is a chief influence on many of them. In De Profundis, Wilde wrote of Marius the Epicurean that in it Pater seeks to reconcile the artistic life with the life of religion in the deep, sweet and austere sense of the word. But M arius is little more than a attestant an ideal spectator indeed, . . . yet a spectator merely, and perhaps a little too much occupied with the comeliness of the vessels of the mental institution to notice that it is the Sanctuary of Sorrow that he is gazing at. (Letters 476)In many of the fairy tales, Wildes concern is exactly that of Pater in Mariusto blend Christianity and the artistic life or aestheticism. In others, he is more concern with the conclusion to The Renaissance, with its insistent advice that we should devote our lives to the clubby enjoyment of the best objects of artadvice which he strongly rejects. The Happy Prince, for instance, belongs to the latter group. When we first meet the gifted prince, he is a dishy statue, gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, his eyes are two happy sapphires, and a large red flushed is fixed on his sword-hilt (271). His position as an aesthetic object high above the city symbolizes the isolated, carefree, pleasure-seek ing life he led before his death, when he lived in a cacoethesly palace that is itself a work of art. Every evening, he tell us, I led the dance in the Great Hall (272).The happy prince, then, begins his existence as an aesthete, a postdateer of Paters advice in The Renaissance that to burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. . . . We have an interval, and then our place knows us no more. Some spend this interval in listlessness, some in high passions, the wisest, at least among the children of this world, in art and song. . . . Of such wisdom, the poetic passion, the zest of beauty, the love of art for its own sake, has most. 123) Even as a child, the happy prince devotes himself instinctively to a Pateresque life of art, song, and beauty, but in doing so he locks out Christian sweetness and purity. When he becomes a statue, the happy prince gradually recognizes all the pain and sorrow that exists in the city below him, and he develops into a Christian, a child of light. His heart overflows with love and pity, and he sacrifices his aesthetic glory to help others. In this, he is aided by a swallow who undergoes a kindred pattern of development.Finally, he strips himself of all his beauty, and his leaden heart cracks when the swallow dies, but both are ready now to enter Heaven. Christianity and aestheticism do not blend in The Happy Prince Paters Renaissance is seen as an early, selfish stage that human beings should outgrow. The great problem of the infanta in The Birthday of the Infanta is that she does not go beyond the private aestheticism Pater recommended in his conclusion but remains monstrous in her icy beauty and cold palace, with its many objects of art.In The Young King, on the other hand, Christianity and aestheticism blend fully. The teen king, the son of an artist, is disowned at first by his grandfather the old king, but is later acknowledged as heir to the throne and brought into the pala ce. From the very first here and now of his recognition, we are told, he had shown signs of that strange passion for beauty that was destined to have so great an influence over his life. . . . The wonderful palaceJoyeuse, as they called itof which he now found himself lord, seemed to him to be a new world fresh- make for his delight . . he would run down the great staircase, with its lions of gilt bronze and its musical notes of bright porphyry, and wander from room to room, and from corridor to corridor. (213-14) This crucial passage reveals the young king as a disciple of Paters Renaissance, constantly in a state of ecstasy, burning with a hard gem-like flame as he privately enjoys the manifold beauties of his palace of art. But as his nature develops, he becomes terribly aware, through three in series(p) dreams, of the pain and evil that accompanied the acquisition of such magnificent objects of art.He becomes a Christian, embraces poverty, and goes to his coronation in rags . The realm mocks and opposes him, from the people to the nobles to the bishop, but he presses on and enters the church. The nobles follow with drawn swords, intent on killing him, but God intervenes and crowns him And lo through the painted windows came the sunlight streaming upon him, and the sunbeams wove round him a tissued robe that was fairer than the robe that was fashioned for his pleasure. The dead staff blossomed, and bare lilies that were whiter than pearls.The dry thorn blossomed, and bare roses that were redder than rubies. (221) The young king enters a new aesthetic realm, pure and indescribably beautiful. Christianity in this tale is the highest form of aestheticism the young king abandons Paters Renaissance and discovers a higher, religious Epicureanism, much as Marius does when it dawns on himin the Divine Service chapter of the novelthat Christianity is the most beautiful thing in the world (303). Like Marius, in his final stage of self-development, the king blends Christianity and aestheticism. n2) The protagonist of The Fisherman and His Soul does the same thing. Initially, fascinated by the beautiful mermaid who sings marvelous songs and lives in a wonderworld beneath the sea, the fisherman casts away his soul and joins her. By the end of the tale, however, his heart becomes large enough to embrace in love both the mermaid and his soul without abandoning aestheticism, he becomes a Christian, and his grave blooms, prompting a change in the wrathful priest, who speaks of all-embracing love and blesses all of Gods creatures.Similarly, in The Star-Child the star-childs sensual beauty returns only when he becomes spiritually beautiful along Christian lines the two go hand in hand. Over and over in the fairy tales, but especially in The Young King, Wilde blends Christianity and aestheticism in the manner of Marius the Epicurean, and over and over he rejects the advice of the conclusion to The Renaissance, presenting it as an inadequate initial stage in the souls spiritual development. NOTES (n1. ) W. B. Yeats, The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats (New York Macmillan, 1953) 80. n2. ) In this essay, I follow Gerald Cornelius Monsmans reading of Marius in Paters Portraits Mythic Pattern in Fiction of Walter Pater (Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967). Although Marius never takes the final step of officially converting to Christianity, his death according to Monsman is the prelude to a final awakening and the full experience of God.